Goalfree evaluation is seen as a threat by many program designers. He argues that context ultimately ascribes to evaluation activities their formative or summative function, and clarifies areas of agreement and disagreement with authors chen, patton, and wholey. It is a continuous activity and not a tailendprocess. Differences between research and program evaluation. The theory behind practical evaluation michael scriven, 1996. Michael scriven holds the unique scriven number of 0 while any persons publishing directly with him hold a scriven number of 1.
Michael scriven is currently a professor at claremont graduate university, a writer, publisher and evaluation specialist. A second article by professor scriven, dutybased teacher evaluation, was published in the journal of personnel evaluation in education in 1988. Scriven through published collaborations directly with him or with others who have collaborated with him. Tylers model 1949 goal free evaluation 1973 michael scriven the evaluator functions as an unbiased observer scrivens main contribution was to redirect the attention of evaluators and administrators to the importance of unintended effects roles of curriculum evaluation. Planning is made on the basis of evaluation and vice versa. Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the design, implementation or results of an initiative for the purposes of learning or decisionmaking. Tylers model 1949 goal free evaluation 1973 michael scriven the evaluator functions as an unbiased observer scriven s main contribution was to redirect the attention of evaluators and administrators to the importance of unintended effects roles of curriculum evaluation. Armed with skills in obtaining pertinent and accurate information and with a deeply reasoned view of ethics and the common good, the evaluator should help professionals to produce products and services that are of high quality and of great use to consumers. Pdf types and phases of evaluation in educational practice. Six normative approaches to evaluation jess dart what is good program evaluation. Conceptualizations that guide evaluation work must keep pace with the growth of theory and practice in the field. Any effort to use assessment evidence to improve institutional, departmental, divisional or institutional effectiveness p.
Goalbased evaluation zbefore discussing a gfe definition of a goalbased evaluation gbe. In the 1969 educational products report,3 michael scriven. In the classroom situation, the word test means to judge the knowledge understanding and intelligence of the students. As the definition of the organization has changed, so has the definition of what an effective organization is. Curriculum evaluation models by christian daroni on prezi.
Applying those standards, or showing that they have not been met, is by definition evaluation. It is also used for many different purposes, and the range of things that are included under the umbrella of program evaluation is considerable. At the end, one possible lowlevel theory about evaluation essentially, a conception of evaluation as a disciplineis proposed. Rapid cycle evaluation is an example of formative evaluation which aims to use single loop learning where the goals are treated as being relatively fixed, but details about how to obtain these goals might be refined. Philosophical and ethical aspects of michael scriven s model jane f. This is because goalfree evaluation is less under the control of management and there is much more scope in terms of what an assessment of their program may reveal. Definition of goalbased evaluation gbe and goalfree evaluation gfe 1. This article describes the three essential elements in evaluationcriteria. For example, some evaluators reject objective scientific approaches to evaluation. Six normative approaches to evaluation clear horizon.
Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs executive summary 1 executive summary this document is a how to guide for planning and implementing evaluation activities. Cbhc outcomes are standardized applicants must have validated measures to receive funding. Assessment, evaluation and research relationships and. Similar to an erdos number, a scriven number describes a persons degree of separation from dr. The process of determining to what extent the educational objectives are actually being realized tyler, 1950, p. The paper concludes with a definition of evaluator and a listing of competencies required for entry into the club. Definitions are presented in informal language and the use of the jargon of educational evaluation does much to demystify the concepts treated. Scriven 1991 claims gfe is methodologically neutral, which means that it can be used or adapted for use with several other evaluation approaches. Program evaluations, however, often do not involve appraisal of curricula e. The authors believe that the model can be effectively applied for school evaluation.
Scriven 1967, stake 1967, suchman 1967, alkin 1969, guba 1969, 2 this monograph is a condensed and updated version of a manuscript prepared for the western michigan university evaluation centers occasional paper series. Model is a representation of reality presented with a degree of structure and. The author describes seven significant time periods in the development of program evaluation and identifies five. Indeed, this article stood for many years as the foundation for. Evaluation is used in many program contexts, in many countries and across many different disciplines. It is a logical fact that no discipline can lay claim to that title unless it has standards of quality for its data, hypotheses, theories, and methods. Stufflebeams ipp evaluation model defining evaluation. Methods are used to determine on a regular basis whether an intervention is effective, and enable. Hadavand 2008 presents his findings on useful tips in evaluation paradigm as follows. Michael scriven is a distinguished professor at the school of behavioral and organizational sciences at claremont graduate university. Evaluation of curriculum is an integral and essential part of the whole process of curriculum development.
It is the value feature that distinguishes evaluation from other types of enquiry such as basic science research, clinical epidemiology, investigative journalism, or public polling. Scrivens key evaluation checklist october 10, 2014 legitimate evaluation checklist evaluator frank michael scriven, a renowned evaluator for decades, developed the key evaluation checklist kec to guide evaluators in planning and implementing an inquiry that is a legitimate program evaluation. Goalgoalfree evaluation goalfree evaluation and goaland. Historically as staff developers we have documented our work, rather than evaluating it. Its definition and assessment find, read and cite all the research you. Evaluation is the process of determining the merit, worth, and value of things, and evaluations are the products of that.
The proper role of the evaluator, according to michael scriven, is that of enlightened surrogate consumer. The conceptualization of evaluation can never be a onetime activity nor can any conceptualization be static. Apr 20, 2010 if the logic is sound, its not bragging to assert the conclusion, even in nz. Evaluation and planning are complementary processes which occur almost simultaneously and continuously. Scriven the methodology of evaluation hypothesis evaluation. Written by one of the leaders in evaluation, evaluation thesaurus, fourth edition, provides readers with a quick analysis of the leading concepts, positions, acronyms, processes, techniques, and checklists in the field of evaluation. The manual, based on cdcs framework for program evaluation in public health, is. Michael scriven considered the major contributor to consumer oriented evaluation has honors degrees in mathematics and philosophy of mathematical logic taught in australia, minnesota, michigan, indiana, california, a mong others over 300 publications in the areas of critical thinking, technology studies, computer studies and evaluation has. A s promised in the preface,this books approach is to give you a barebones, nutsandbolts guide about how to do an evaluation. Goal free evaluation goalfree evaluation gfe is any evaluation in which the evaluator conducts the evaluation without particular knowledge of or reference to stated or predetermined goals and objectives. T e the planned goals or outcomes of a program particular e.
The literature of program evaluation is changing rapidly with broader frameworks emerging. There are many definitions of evaluation, but here are three we like. Evaluation is the process of examining a program or process to determine whats working, whats not, and why. An introduction to evaluation 8 our preferred definition of evaluation the many definitions of evaluation suggest that it is not easy to pin down the concept.
Designing a simulation for student evaluation using scrivens. Goalfree evaluation is not a comprehensive standalone evaluation model. Evaluation assessment considers value, merit, worth, significance or quality scriven, 1991. The text contains practical suggestions and procedures, comments and criticisms, as well as definitions and distinctions. This article is about educational evaluation, its definition, purpose, and principles. Goalfree model, transaction model, decisionmaking model. Scriven has been sharply critical of evaluation ideologies that focus on achieving the developers objectives as opposed to meeting the needs of consumers. Professional evaluation is defined as the systematic determination of the quality or value of something scriven, 1991. The logic of valuing scriven 2012 new directions for. It concludes by propos ing a comprehensive and eclectic process that can be used to evaluate a field of study, which is perhaps the most difficult curricular element that. The focus of the discussion is the recent handbook of practical program evaluation.
While this temporal definition likely holds true, the essential attribute of formative evaluation is that the data are used to identify student needs and to plan instruction that will better meet. In 1987 the journal of personnel evaluation in education published an article by professor michael scriven entitled validity in personnel evaluation. An evaluation should be as systematic and impartial as possible uneg, 2005. It determines the value of learning and training programs and acts as blueprints for judgment and improvement.
Steele the meaning of evaluation is often overlooked in doing program evaluation. Scriven is a past president of the american educational research association and the american evaluation association. On these, we had varying amounts of data about field trials, mostly very thin, we had the writeups by the producing staff and other observers, and we had the products themselves other. Oct 05, 2015 types of evaluations in instructional design. Michael scriven collection university of melbourne. This definition should be widely acceptable since it agrees with common dictionary definitions of. As little research concerning use of simulation to evaluate student competency can be found, an established guide such as scrivens key evaluation checklist can provide a solid backbone for nursing faculty designing a simulation for student evaluation. Irvine the origins of and rationale for goalfree evaluation michael scriven became a central figure in the field of evaluation in 1967 with the publication of the methodology of evaluation. Chapter 12 curriculum evaluation sage publications. Scriven, michael 1994 product evaluation the state of the art, evaluation practice 151.
Evaluation thesaurus, 4th edition, begins with an extensive introduction to the nature of evaluation followed by an alphabetical listing of topics treated. The first category includes approaches that promote invalid or incomplete findings referred to as pseudoevaluations, while the other three include approaches that agree, more or less, with the definition i. Michael scriven on rethinking all of evaluation genuine. He is also an editor and cofounder of the journal of multidisciplinary evaluation. Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs. Michael scriven took honors degrees in mathematics and then in the philosophy of mathematical logic at the university of melbourne. Scriven claims gfe is methodologically neutral, which means that it can be used or adapted for use with several other evaluation approaches, models, and methods as long as the other approaches do not mandate goal orientation. Evaluation theory, models, and applications, 2nd edition. At the project level, each program has an evaluation plan that relates to childrens board outcomes, and each outcome has indicators that are generally measured with validated tools. It may aim to identify what works, for whom, in what. The same process also will generate a list of needed resources for your planning and budgeting efforts. It may aim to identify what works, for whom, in what respects, to what. In this monograph, evaluation means a study designed and conducted to assist some audience to assess an objects merit and worth.
Types of evaluation and types of evaluator michael. Goal free evaluation model goal free evaluation was developed by michael scriven in 1972. Scriven pointed out that at the methodolog ical level, the purpose of evaluation is to judge the worth or merit of a process or product. Michael scriven collection michael scriven s research fields include evaluation, philosophy of science, and computers. To make the argument, the author distinguishes between the logic of valuing and the logic of evaluation, the former being the primary focus of the argument, and analyzes the invalidity of the long. Introduction goalfree evaluation gfe is any evaluation in which the evaluator conducts the evaluation without particular knowledge of or reference to stated or predetermined goals and objectives. Types of evaluation and types of evaluator sciencedirect. An evaluation is methodical, providing information that is credible, reliable, and useful to enable the incorporation of lessons learned into decisionmaking process of users and funders oecd, 2010. Another group of frameworks focus on teachers evaluation of learning materials. An evaluation is methodical, providing information that is. The concept of metaevaluation was first developed by michael scriven, as early as 1969, although an articulated definition by this same author can be found.
Indeed, some observers have argued that this is a pointless task. Formative evaluation is designed and used to improve an object, especially when it is still being developed joint committee on standards for educational evaluation, 1994. Evaluation american journal of western michigan university. Pdf in the 21st century, evaluation in education has been paid. To that end, it begins by proposing a broad definition of the term. Containing nearly 2000 entries, michael scriven s thesaurus offers professionals and students a guide for understanding the relation of evaluation to the doctrine. Further, the design and conduct of any particular study involves a good deal of localized conceptualization. Goalfree evaluation is not a comprehensive standalone evaluation model, but rather a perspective or position concerning an evaluators goal orientation throughout an evaluation. This fragmentation of organizational conceptualizations has left the organizational effectiveness construct in disarray and prevented cumulative efforts to develop a. Models of curriculum evaluation university of kwazulunatal. Modification of programme elements summative evaluation at its conclusion. Formative evaluation it is carried out during the process of curriculum development the evaluation results may contribute to the modification or formation of the curriculum for example, results of formative evaluation may help in 1. The logic of evaluation scholarship at uwindsor university of.
Worth is the value of something to an individual, an organization, an institution, or a collective. In 2012, an article published in the journal of multidisciplinary evaluation posed the necessity of a scriven number. Compare the definition evaluation is a systematic process to determine merit, worth, value or significance with scriven 20, the determining or asserting of a claim about the merit a. Sep 04, 20 during the learning process, the evaluation of learners products becomes difficult with immense number of students in universities, and it can be a heavy task for a teacher in such complicated. For student affairs, upcraft and schuhs 1994 evaluation definition is commonly utilized.
Guskey 2000 updated this definition stating that evaluation is a systematic process used to determine the merit or worth of a specific program, curriculum, or strategy in a specific context. Let us first begin with basic definitions of test, measurement, and evaluation. Scrivens key evaluation checklist transformative evaluation. Doc curriculum evaluation models prince okyere academia.
The book begins with an overview of the evaluation field and program evaluation standards, and proceeds to cover the most widely used evaluation approaches. Sunil kalekar adhyapak mahavidyalaya, aranyeshwar, pune 9 cipp model is a popular model for curriculum evaluation given by stufflebeam. Types of evaluation and types of evaluator michael scriven. Regain access you can regain access to a recent pay per article purchase if your access period has not yet expired. It is not restricted in scope to educational or program evaluation. Professor of psychology, claremont graduate university. Interestingly, scriven suggests using two goalfree evaluators, each working independently popham, 1974. Now in its second edition, evaluation theory, models, and applications is the vital text on evaluation models, perfect for classroom use as a textbook, and as a professional evaluation reference. Because of the prominence of scriven in eval uation, we will use his definition scriven, 1991.
Evaluation is the process of determining merit, worth, or significance. Evaluation is the process of determining the merit, worth, and value of things, and evaluations are the products of that process. The goalfree model works best for qualitative evaluation because the evaluator is looking at actual effects rather than anticipated effects for which quantitative tools have been designed. Both claims raise the question of the relation of theory to practice in our discipline, and most of the article concerns this question. Evaluate, evaluation, goalfree, goal, objective, foundation, philanthropy. His 50 years of teaching have been in departments of mathematics, philosophy, psychology, the history and philosophy of science, law, evaluation, and education. Using the above definition of evaluation, program evaluation approaches were classified into four categories. His research fields include evaluation, philosophy of science, and computers.